INS: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Database

Gene Information

Gene Symbol

INS

Aliases

IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10

Entrez Gene ID

3630

Gene Name

Insulin

Chromosomal Location

11p15.5

HGNC ID

HGNC:6081

Summary

This gene encodes insulin, a peptide hormone that plays a vital role in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. After removal of the precursor signal peptide, proinsulin is post-translationally cleaved into three peptides: the B chain and A chain peptides, which are covalently linked via two disulfide bonds to form insulin, and C-peptide. Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (INSR) stimulates glucose uptake. A multitude of mutant alleles with phenotypic effects have been identified. There is a read-through gene, INS-IGF2, which overlaps with this gene at the 5' region and with the IGF2 gene at the 3' region. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2019]

RefSeq DNA

NG_007114.1

RefSeq mRNA

NM_000207.3, NM_001185097.2, NM_001185098.1, NM_001291897.2

e!Ensembl

Gene	ENSG00000254647
Transcript	ENST00000397262, ENST00000250971, ENST00000381330, ENST00000421783, ENST00000512523
Protein	ENSP00000380432, ENSP00000250971, ENSP00000370731, ENSP00000408400, ENSP00000424008

Gene Ontology (GO)

Show/Hide all(76 )

GO ID	Ontology	Function	Evidence	Reference
GO:0002674	Biological process	Negative regulation of acute inflammatory response	IDA	11443198
GO:0006355	Biological process	Regulation of transcription, DNA-templated	NAS	12881524
GO:0006521	Biological process	Regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process	IMP	3553851
GO:0006953	Biological process	Acute-phase response	IDA	14739855
GO:0007186	Biological process	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	IDA	9092559
GO:0007267	Biological process	Cell-cell signaling	IC	7556975
GO:0008284	Biological process	Positive regulation of cell proliferation	IDA	7688386, 17925406
GO:0008286	Biological process	Insulin receptor signaling pathway	IDA	20455999
GO:0010628	Biological process	Positive regulation of gene expression	IGI	25403480
GO:0010750	Biological process	Positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	IDA	15792832
GO:0010750	Biological process	Positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	IMP	14615391
GO:0014068	Biological process	Positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling	IDA	7688386
GO:0022898	Biological process	Regulation of transmembrane transporter activity	IDA	14615391
GO:0030307	Biological process	Positive regulation of cell growth	NAS	11742412
GO:0030335	Biological process	Positive regulation of cell migration	ISS	12138094
GO:0031954	Biological process	Positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation	ISS	3518947
GO:0032148	Biological process	Activation of protein kinase B activity	IDA	8702995
GO:0032270	Biological process	Positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process	IMP	3553851
GO:0032460	Biological process	Negative regulation of protein oligomerization	IDA	9830016
GO:0032880	Biological process	Regulation of protein localization	IDA	14615391
GO:0033861	Biological process	Negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity	IDA	11443198
GO:0042060	Biological process	Wound healing	IDA	9498508
GO:0042177	Biological process	Negative regulation of protein catabolic process	IDA	15185208
GO:0042593	Biological process	Glucose homeostasis	IMP	381941
GO:0043410	Biological process	Positive regulation of MAPK cascade	IDA	11500939, 20455999
GO:0045597	Biological process	Positive regulation of cell differentiation	NAS	11742412
GO:0045721	Biological process	Negative regulation of gluconeogenesis	NAS	11742412
GO:0045725	Biological process	Positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	IDA	17925406
GO:0045818	Biological process	Negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process	IMP	381941
GO:0045821	Biological process	Positive regulation of glycolytic process	IDA	7688386
GO:0045821	Biological process	Positive regulation of glycolytic process	IMP	381941
GO:0045840	Biological process	Positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division	IDA	10644978, 11500939
GO:0045861	Biological process	Negative regulation of proteolysis	IMP	3553851
GO:0045922	Biological process	Negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	IMP	1184755
GO:0046326	Biological process	Positive regulation of glucose import	IDA	14615391, 15792832
GO:0046326	Biological process	Positive regulation of glucose import	IMP	14615391
GO:0046628	Biological process	Positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	IDA	7688386, 15792832
GO:0046628	Biological process	Positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	IMP	14615391
GO:0046631	Biological process	Alpha-beta T cell activation	IDA	10604997
GO:0046889	Biological process	Positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	NAS	11742412
GO:0048167	Biological process	Regulation of synaptic plasticity	TAS	19188609
GO:0050708	Biological process	Regulation of protein secretion	IDA	15591776
GO:0050709	Biological process	Negative regulation of protein secretion	IDA	14739855
GO:0050715	Biological process	Positive regulation of cytokine secretion	IDA	15473891
GO:0050890	Biological process	Cognition	TAS	19188609
GO:0050995	Biological process	Negative regulation of lipid catabolic process	IMP	24675707
GO:0050995	Biological process	Negative regulation of lipid catabolic process	NAS	11742412
GO:0051000	Biological process	Positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	NAS	12135947
GO:0051092	Biological process	Positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	IDA	19727662
GO:0051897	Biological process	Positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling	IDA	11500939
GO:0055089	Biological process	Fatty acid homeostasis	IMP	1184755
GO:0060266	Biological process	Negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	IDA	11443198
GO:0060267	Biological process	Positive regulation of respiratory burst	IDA	9092559
GO:0090277	Biological process	Positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion	TAS	11387233
GO:0090336	Biological process	Positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	TAS	11387233
GO:0097755	Biological process	Positive regulation of blood vessel diameter	NAS	14744991
GO:0097756	Biological process	Negative regulation of blood vessel diameter	NAS	12946932
GO:1900182	Biological process	Positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus	IDA	20455999
GO:1900273	Biological process	Positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	TAS	19188609
GO:1902176	Biological process	Negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	NAS	16604263
GO:1902952	Biological process	Positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance	IGI	19188609
GO:1903076	Biological process	Regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	IGI	19188609
GO:1903427	Biological process	Negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	IGI	19188609
GO:1990535	Biological process	Neuron projection maintenance	IGI	19188609
GO:2000252	Biological process	Negative regulation of feeding behavior	IDA	17957153
GO:0005576	Cellular component	Extracellular region	IC	7556975
GO:0005615	Cellular component	Extracellular space	IDA	9667398
GO:0002020	Molecular function	Protease binding	IPI	20082125
GO:0005158	Molecular function	Insulin receptor binding	IDA	7556975, 9667398
GO:0005158	Molecular function	Insulin receptor binding	IPI	8452530
GO:0005159	Molecular function	Insulin-like growth factor receptor binding	IPI	8452530
GO:0005179	Molecular function	Hormone activity	IC	9667398
GO:0005179	Molecular function	Hormone activity	IMP	381941
GO:0005179	Molecular function	Hormone activity	NAS	14986111
GO:0005515	Molecular function	Protein binding	IPI	9388210, 9773776, 17051221, 23302862
GO:0042802	Molecular function	Identical protein binding	IPI	17472440, 20738396, 23106816, 23416304, 23510797

Protein Information

Protein Name

Insulin, preproinsulin, proinsulin

Function

Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver

Refseq Proteins

NP_000198.1, NP_001172026.1, NP_001172027.1, NP_001278826.1

UniProt

P01308

PDB

3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 5C0D, 5HYJ, 4Y19, 4Y1A, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 1JK8, 2G54, 2G56, 2WBY, 2WC0, 5CJO, 5WOB, 6B3Q, 6B70, 6BFC, 3W11, 3W12, 3W13, 4OGA, 6HN5, 1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EFE, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO,

Pfam

Pfam Accession	Pfam ID
PF00049	Insulin

Interactions

STRING	MINT	IntAct
ENSP00000399421		P16671

View interactions

Associated Diseases

Show/Hide all(12 )

Disease group	Disease Name	References
Cardiovascular Diseases
	Heart Failure	15628829
	Ventricular Outflow Obstruction	8660453
	Cardiomyopathy	8660453
	Cardiac Arrest	17449947
	Hypertensive disease	18360027, 9719048
	Diabetic Cardiomyopathies	20828608
	Myocardial Failure	15628829
	Ventricular Fibrillation	5348156
Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities
	Diastematomyelia	19446573
	Primary tethered cord syndrome	19446573
	Atonic seizures	4115818, 14714756
	Anencephaly	19446573
	Neurenteric Cyst	19446573
	Developmental Delay, Epilepsy, and Neonatal Diabetes	18162506, 17855560
	Status Dysraphicus	19446573
	22q13.3 Deletion Syndrome	18948358
Digestive System Diseases
	Fatty Liver	9048448
	Hepatitis	12243603
	Pancreatitis	17163263
	Liver Failure	12639207
Endocrine System Diseases
	Diabetes Mellitus	15628829, 7624867, 7294224, 8400068, 18162506, 11446671, 17855560, 2055425, 21779873, 3511099, 11522680, 11978674, 16259526, 21680998, 16519038, 7573102, 15531508, 23349674, 25751624, 21829393, 20620209
	MODY	20226046, 18192540, 18162506, 25423173
	Ketosis-prone diabetes	20620209
	Diabetes Insipidus	18162506, 17855560, 25741868, 26101329, 20938745, 18451997, 17047922, 18171712, 20301620, 18414213, 18192540
	Monogenic Diabetes	25741868, 17855560, 20226046, 18192540, 18162506, 25542748
	Glomerulosclerosis	2143390, 7987072, 7713310
	Diabetic Ketoacidosis	11430560
	Brittle diabetes	20620209
	PCOS	1424179
	Insulin Resistance Syndrome	31102683, 25903425, 23272513
Immune System Diseases
Immune System Diseases	Autoimmune Diabetes	20620209
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Musculoskeletal Diseases	Myopathy	496411
Neoplasms
	Prostate cancer	12610512
	Ovarian Cancer	16123091, 11889176, 2777199
Nervous System Diseases
	Seizures	4115818, 14714756
	MPTP-Induced Degeneration of the Striatum	26364587
	Diabetes Mellitus, permanent neonatal, with neurologic features	18162506, 17855560
	Parkinson Disease	19276553
	Jacksonian Seizure	14714756, 4115818
	Neural Tube Defects	19446573
Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases
	Hyperproinsulinemia	6382002, 6368587, 7350438, 3470784, 8636380, 381941, 9667398, 7242673, 3537011, 1601997, 3511099, 6261753, 3306677, 2991050, 9141561, 3057496, 4019786, 6339950, 6312455, 8421693, 6371526, 2196279
	Hypoglycemia	20620209, 1646414, 22940631, 1324617, 48835, 2554359, 1890151
	Hyperinsulinism	2991050, 4019786, 6382002, 3511099
	Metabolic Syndrome X	11274935, 16259526
	Metabolic Diseases	19131468
	Obesity	11528401, 8923850, 2777199
	Hyperglycemia	9861226, 8660453
	Gluocose Intolerance	30448542, 27669460, 27323669, 28223291, 15220191, 18339976, 28453960, 19140314, 22507373, 22226490, 9544854, 11679606, 16380496, 29537219, 17617923, 18269634, 19087913, 23637927, 23094072, 17143606, 18842181, 23688034, 11887173, 10751748, 19401444, 23640882, 19553674
Psychiatric/Brain disorders
	Senile Dementia	15750215, 9443474
	Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, Cognitive Disorders	21911655
	Mental Depression	5506046, 18246526, 2144234
	Mental disorders	21911655
	Alzheimer Disease	9443474, 15750215
	Bipolar Disorder	23253673, 26077424, 21302346, 23619527, 24878678, 5506046
	Manic Disorder	5506046
	Psychosis	21911655
	Lewy Body Disease	19276553
	Memory Disorders	9264093
	Panic Attacks	12073167
	Neurocognitive Disorders	21911655
	Kandinsky Syndrome	21911655
	Panic Disorder	12073167
	Organic Brain Syndrome, Nonpsychotic	21911655
	Obstructive Sleep Apnea	26201496, 26941371, 29968150, 28219664, 25944984, 26657991, 22451332, 24410986, 17202301, 21664182, 20405330, 14521752, 19251800, 23524009, 21669017
Renal Disorder
	Kidney Insufficiency	12243603, 8606734, 9861226
	Kidney Failure	9861226, 8606734, 12243603
	Diabetic Nephropathy	7987072, 2143390, 7713310
	Polycystic Kidney Diseases	9879822
	Urinary Bladder Diseases	2055425
Reproductive disorders
Reproductive disorders	Preeclampsia	26089598

References

Show/Hide all(51)

PubMed ID	Associated gene/s	Associated condition	Genetic Mutation	Diagnostic Criteria	Association with PCOS	Ethnicity	Conclusion
10895282		Obesity			Related	21 obese women with PCO, 18 obese women without menstrual disturbances and 9 normal-weight healthy women	obese women with PCO insulin influence ovarian androgen production
12095507	Androgen and IGFBPs				Related	Women undergoing IVF for tubal disease	Androgen and insulin are important regulators of IGFBP release and that elevated levels of the two hormones may contribute to the altered IGFBP profile found in PCOS follicles
15498184	Androgen and CD(36)				Related	12 patients with asymmetric PCO, 15 primary or secondary infertile patients without endocrine disorders and 8 PCOS with bilateral PCO were recruited	Decrease of scavenger receptor gene CD(36) mRNA may play a role in the pathogenesis of PCO by increasing the level of T and INSin follicular fluid.
17087783	TNF-alpha	Hyperinsulinaemia			Related	20 young non-diabetic women with PCOS and 21 control	The decrease in TNF-alpha concentrations during oGTT and the inverse correlation between endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and serum TNF-alpha concentrations suggested an anti-inflammatory effect of moderately-high insulin concentrations. This occurred despite the presence of moderate hyperglycaemia. These findings also demonstrated a preserved responsiveness of inflammatory mediators to insulin in PCOS.
17276431	GH and Glucose			Rotterdam criteria	Related	20 obese women with PCOS, and 15 obese controls.	The injection of ghrelin seems to override the GH secretion defect in obese women with PCOS, and to induce glucoinsulinemic changes in both controls and obese patients with PCOS.
18173145	TCM and Sex Hormone				Related	120 patients with PCOS were determined	Level of T, LH and LH/FSH ratio, PRL and INS are correlated with the TCM syndrome in patients with PCOS
19107500	Androgen				Related	48 patients with non-diabetic PCOS and compare with a non-PCOS group of 30 subjects
22419715	GnRH	Hyperinsulinemia		Rotterdam criteria, NIH criteria	Related	9 young PCOS women participated in the study	Sustained hyperinsulinemia potentiates gonadotropin-stimulated ovarian androgen steroidogenesis.
25220536					Direct	1075 PCOS patients and 2878 controls	Meta-analysis suggests that the III allele of INS VNTR is associated with increased risk of PCOS
24677210				The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) casecontrol or cohort studies design with evaluating the association between PCOS risk andINSVNTR polymorphism; (2) PCOS patients with any diagnosis criteria; the anovulation of anovulatory PCOS was defined a	Direct	1767 cases, 4108 controls	Meta-analysis supports that the III allele of INS VNTR is associated with susceptibility to PCOS
19948072			INS-VNTR polymorphism	Rotterdam criteria	Direct	PCR-RFLP in 216 PCOS patients and 192 non-PCOS women as a control group.	No association with PCOS
19595057	Glucose				Related	20 PCOS women with normal glucose tolerance and 20 age-matched healthy women	PCOS womens show significant decrease of peripheral insulin sensitivity with compensated increase of insulin secretion.
19080630	Testosterone				Related	97 PCOS patients,50 being non-obese, and 27 women with oviductal sterility (control group)	The difference in homeostasis ability to T and insulin may be related to the difference in the various parameters
18832802	LH			Patients diagnosed with PCOS on the basis of amenorrhea and a polycystic morphology at ovarian ultrasound	Related	5 nonobese patients diagnosed with PCOS and 5 normal control	Insulin can modulate the activity of hypothalamic GnRH neurons in the humans
18334581	LH and GnRH			NIH criteria	Related	18 PCOS and 21 normal women	In PCOS, insulin infusion suppresses pituitary response to GnRH. In normal women, insulin negatively correlates with mean LH and suppresses GnRH response at a high infusion rate.
17953969	lipoprotein			Rotterdam criteria	Related	299 Women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 187 control womens from European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology	Polymorphism of C/T in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 gene is associated with C-peptide and proinsulin secretion but does not influence insulin
17559844		Hyperandrogenemia		Polycystic ovary syndrome was defined by oligomenorrhea (8 menstrual periods in the preceding year) or confirmed anovulation, and hyperandrogenemia	Related	9 lean womenwith PCOS and normal insulin levels, as well as 17 lean healthy women	women with typical PCOS and normal insulin levels and metabolic insulin sensitivity, reducing insulin secretion significantly decreased androgen and increased SHBG levels
17488794	IGFs			Rotterdam criteria	Related	6 PCOS and 6 non-PCOS women undergoing COS and IVF	Insulin and IGFs promote VEGF-A production in LGCs, but the response patterns are different when cells from PCOS and non-PCOSwomen are compared.
15705917	INS-VNTR gene			Rotterdam criteria	Direct	255 parent-offspring trios,185 additional cases and 1062 control subjects as well as 1599 women from a northern Finland population	Despite the strong biological candidacy and supportive data from previous studies, we conclude that variation at the INS-VNTR has no major role in the development of PCOS.
14737959	LH/FSH	Hyperinsulinemia			Related	119 polycystic ovary syndrome women in reproductive age	Most of the PCOS women with normal gonadotropin ratio belong to a group of patients suffering from hyperinsulinemia and obesity
12230452	C-peptide	Hyperinsulinemia		The diagnosis of PCOS was based on the presence ofthree or more of the following features: luteinizing hormone(LH): follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio > 2.5, highlevels of total testosterone (total T), free testosterone (free T),androstenedione	Related	63 patients with normal body mass index were included: 48 had clinical and hormonal features of PCOS and 15 were normo-ovulatory	Insulin and C-peptide do not seem to interfere with uterine perfusion in PCOS-affected patients
11894979		Hyperinsulinism, Dyslipidaemia and Hyperandrogenism			Related	51 girls with a history of PP and compared normal-birthweight (n = 26) with low-birthweight (n = 25) girls	The longitudinal data show that, in PP girls, the endocrine-metabolic risk conferred by prenatal growth restraint is not readily detectable until puberty or postmenarche, and is not attributable to a higher body mass index.
11344202		Insulin secretion		NIH criteria	Related	women with PCOS (n = 33) and their nondiabetic first degree relatives (n = 48)	Heritability of beta-cell dysfunction is likely to be a significant factor in the predisposition to diabetes in PCOS
11293919	Beta-endorphin				Related	167 subjects with PCOD were recruited, 117 of whom had normal weight	Stratified and linear regression analysis showed that plasma beta-endorphin concentrations correlate more with BMI than with insulinemia
10899496	LH and Androgen	Hyperandrogenism and Hyperinsulinemia			Related	58 adolescents with regular menstrual cycles, 50 with irregular menstrual cycles, and 29 with oligomenorrhea	It is doubtful that hyperinsulinemia is an important factor in the development of PCO or polycystic ovary syndrome
10588520	INS VNTR gene				Related	31 healthy adult subjects with normal glucose tolerance. 17 subjects were homozygous for class I alleles and 14 homozygous for class III alleles	further analysis of possible association between allelic variation of the INS VNTR and the pulsatility of insulinsecretion
10561001	Androgens			PCOS was diagnosed on the basis of hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation after the exclusion of tumors, Cushings syndrome, and adrenal enzymatic deficiencies based on measurements of cortisol and 17OH progesterone, respectively.	Related	21 women with PCOS of normal body weight, 8 apparently normal women with PAO and 21 normal women.	Normal weight patients serum leptin levels may be regulated in part by insulin. Androgens, on the other hand, may play a role in suppressing serum leptin
10024076		Hyperinsulinemic			Related	normoinsulinemic-lean =24, normoinsulinemic obese = 24, hyperinsulinemic lean= 17, hyperinsulinemic obese = 45	independent and synergistic additive effect of obesity and hyperinsulinemia on the FAI in PCOS
9699325	GnRH-analog	hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism and acanthosis nigricans			Related	6 patients with clinical findings of PCO, hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans	Hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans present high levels of insulin, suggesting an ovarian hyperesponsiveness, which is not sustained when gonadotrophic blockage was achieved
9302393	IGF-I receptors	Hyperandrogenism and Hyperinsulinaemia			Related	10 women with PCOS and 8normo-ovulatory women	Number of IGF-I receptors and not the insulin levels correlate with serum androstenedione
9024269	FSH	Hyperinsulinemia		PCOS was diagnosed on the basis of all these criteria: clinical findings (presence of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and hirsutism), elevated plasma androgen levels (normal values: androstenedione (A) 2.07.0 nmol/L, testosterone (T) 0.62.0 nmol/L), and bi	Related	34 patients affected by PCOS	In PCOS, the insulinemic pattern may influence the ovarian response to gonadotropin administration
8941059		Hyperinsulinemia		All proband cases met the criteria of polycystic ovaries (PCO) by ultrasound (US) and hyperandrogenism.	Related	Family members of PCOS subjects	Hyperinsulinemia is a potential metabolic and genetic marker for subjects who may be carriers of a familial tendency for PCO
8915661		Hyperinsulinemia			Related	240 PCOS womens(142 of the women were insulin resistant or hyperinsulinemic and 98 were normoinsulinemic)	The hyperinsulinemic group had significantly higher plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, free testosterone and insulin, and lower levels of luteinizing hormone, estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin.
8791980		Hyperinsulinaemia			Related	7 normal weight women with PCOS and 8 healthy women	Hyperproinsulinaemia is modest and appropriate in PCOS, GIP and GLP-1(7-36) amide do not contribute to the stimulated hyperinsulinaemia in PCOS
8604605		Hyperinsulinemia and Androgen Excess			Related	PCOS womens (LH/FSH (LH/FSH > or = 3 Group 1n=30 and LH/FSH<3 Group 2 n=25)	Hyperinsulinemia in PCOS is due to a enhanced beta-cell secretion and an impaired hepatic clearance of this hormone, hyperandrogenism may be LH-dependent in Group 1 and insulin-dependent in Group 2
8736268		Cardiovascular disease			Related	Twenty-six young women with PCOS and 11 healthy age matched women with regular ovulatory cycles	An inverse relation between serum fasting insulin level and left ventricular systolic outflow parameters suggests that insulin is associated with the decreased systolic flow velocity observed in women with PCOS.
8845652		Hyperinsulinemia			Related	13 healthy ovulatory women (group 1) and 6 women with PCOS and hyperinsulinemia,3with acanthosis nigricans (group 2)	In conclusion, in PCOS women no parallel changes in serum androgen concentrations were seen in association with acute truly physiologic endogenous hyperinsulinemia or during the acute pharmacologically induced hypoinsulinemia and subsequent hyperinsulinemia.
8034073	OGTT				Related	8 normal and 29 anovulatory women (8 with multifollicular ovaries and 21 with PCOs)	Insulin AUC was increased in both multifollicular ovary and PCO patients
8028500		Hyperinsulinemia			Related	20 hyperinsulinemic and 20 relatively nonhyperinsulinemic nondiabetic Pima women 18 to 45 years of age	The association of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, irregular menstruation, and high testosterone concentration described in the PCO also occurs in Pima Indian women
8405515	LH andSHBG	Hyperandrogenemia			Related	25 consecutive women with PCOS and 20 control women matched for BMI	The data are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia in PCOS influences the biologically active component of T by lowering SHBG concentrations while having little apparent impact on LH-induced secretion of androgens in vivo.
1395062		Hyperinsulinaemic			Related	102 women with ultrasound diagnosed PCOS and 19 lean women with normal ovaries were studied	Hyperinsulinaemic women with PCOS have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and therefore form a population in whom metabolic screening is advisable.
1835937	DHEAS	Hyperinsulinemia			Related	10 women with PCOD (5 obese and 5 normal weight) and 10 ovulatory euandrogenic women (5 obese and 5 normal-weight)	Acute increases in insulin within the physiological range are important in the regulation of circulating DHEAS in either PCOD or euandrogenic women
1940062		Hyperinsulinemia			Related	49 womens:27 women with PCO (9 obese and 18 nonobese), and 22 healthy women (12 with simple obesity and 10 with normal body weight)	Hyperinsulinemia may play a role in the development of lipid disturbances in women with the PCO
2498378		diazoxide (100 mg, three times daily) administration			Related	5 obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome was assessed on two occasions: before and after 10 days of oral diazoxide	Hyperinsulinemia in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome may directly increase serum testosterone levels
7350174		hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinism			Related	14 obese women: 8 with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) and 6 obese controls	Hyperandrogenism correlates with hyperinsulinism
22107332	Leptin and Adiponectin	Hyperinsulinemia			Related	Insulin,leptin,adiponectin,cholesterol,triglyceride,A/L and L/A ratios were compared in women with PCOS and controls	Insulin, L/A, and A/L ratios seem to be the best markers to distinguish women with and without PCOS.
22344736	AMH				Related	135 PCOSd and 93 Cd classified according to their Tanner stage	AMH value for the Cd group showed decreased FSH concentrations and increased stimulated levels of insulin
3311782					Related	25 PCOS patients (13 were obese and 12 non-obese)	PCOS there is a significant degree of hyperinsulinaemia which is mainly related to obesity
8966389	Androgen, ACTH	Hyperinsulinemia			Related	6 healthy ovulatory control women (Group 1) were compared against 7 women PCOS and hyperinsulinism	The results suggest a certain degree of adrenal participation in the pathogenesis of the hyperandrogenism in these women, which may be the final expression of a synergistic stimulation of the adrenals by hyperinsulinism, relatively high LH, and chronic hyperestrogenism, all of which are present virtually in all women with PCOS.
9150702	CP450c17A,17-OHP , GnRH				Related	28 women with PCOS and 18 normal women were included	Hyperinsulinism may not play a role in the dysregulation of the cytochrome P450c17 alpha enzyme seen in PCOS
9596926	IGF-1	Hyperandrogenism and Hyperinsulinaemia			Related	48 patients with PCOS and 10 women with normal weight and menstruation were recruited as controls	INS may play an important role in hyperandrogenism by upregulating IGF-1 system in ovary