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Gene Symbol |
KNG1 |
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Aliases |
BDK, BK, HMWK, KNG |
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Entrez Gene ID |
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Gene Name |
Kininogen 1 |
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Chromosomal Location |
3q27.3 |
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HGNC ID |
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Summary |
This gene uses alternative splicing to generate two different proteins- high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and low molecular weight kininogen (LMWK). HMWK is essential for blood coagulation and assembly of the kallikrein-kinin system. Also, bradykinin, a peptide causing numerous physiological effects, is released from HMWK. Bradykinin also functions as an antimicrobial peptide with antibacterial and antifungal activity. In contrast to HMWK, LMWK is not involved in blood coagulation. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
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RefSeq DNA |
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RefSeq mRNA |
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e!Ensembl
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Protein Information |
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Protein Name |
Kininogen-1, alpha-2-thiol proteinase inhibitor, bradykinin, fitzgerald factor, high molecular weight kininogen, williams-Fitzgerald-Flaujeac factor |
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Function |
(1) Kininogens are inhibitors of thiol proteases; (2) HMW-kininogen plays an important role in blood coagulation by helping to position optimally prekallikrein and factor XI next to factor XII; (3) HMW-kininogen inhibits the thrombin- and plasmin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes; (4) the active peptide bradykinin that is released from HMW-kininogen shows a variety of physiological effects: (4A) influence in smooth muscle contraction, (4B) induction of hypotension, (4C) natriuresis and diuresis, (4D) decrease in blood glucose level, (4E) it is a mediator of inflammation and causes (4E1) increase in vascular permeability, (4E2) stimulation of nociceptors (4E3) release of other mediators of inflammation (e.g. prostaglandins), (4F) it has a cardioprotective effect (directly via bradykinin action, indirectly via endothelium-derived relaxing factor action); (5) LMW-kininogen inhibits the aggregation of thrombocytes; (6) LMW-kininogen is in contrast to HMW-kininogen not involved in blood clotting |
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UniProt |
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PDB |
5I25, 1NY2, 2WOK, 4ASQ, 4ASR, 4ECB, 4ECC, 6F27, 6F3V, 6F3W, 6F3X, 6F3Y |
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Pfam |
Pfam Accession |
Pfam ID |
PF00031 |
Cystatin |
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Interactions |
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STRING |
MINT |
IntAct |
ENSP00000346484 |
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P20794 |
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View interactions
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Associated Diseases
Disease group | Disease Name | References |
Blood Disorders |
Kininogen Deficiency |
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Cardiovascular Diseases |
Hypertensive disease |
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Hyperemia |
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Angioedema |
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Digestive System Diseases |
Liver Diseases |
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Hepatitis |
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Endocrine System Diseases |
PCOS |
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Immune System Diseases |
Angioedema |
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Anaphylaxis |
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Renal Disorder |
Kidney Insufficiency |
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Kidney Failure |
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References |
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Khan Gulafshana Hafeez, Galazis Nicolas, Docheva Nikolina, Layfield Robert, Atiomo William |
Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, D Floor, East Block, Nottingham, UK gulafshanahafeez@hotmail.com.| Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, D Floor, East Block, Nottingham, UK.| Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, D Floor, East Block, Nottingham, UK.| School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.| Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, D Floor, East Block, Nottingham, UK. |
Hum Reprod. 2015 Jan;30(1):133-48. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu268. Epub 2014 Oct 28. |
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION: Do any proteomic biomarkers previously identified for pre-eclampsia (PE) overlap with those identified in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). SUMMARY ANSWER: Five previously identified proteomic biomarkers were found to be common in women with PE and PCOS when compared with controls. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Various studies have indicated an association between PCOS and PE; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms supporting this association are not known. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A systematic review and update of our PCOS proteomic biomarker database was performed, along with a parallel review of PE biomarkers. The study included papers from 1980 to December 2013. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: In all the studies analysed, there were a total of 1423 patients and controls. The number of proteomic biomarkers that were catalogued for PE was 192. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Five proteomic biomarkers were shown to be differentially expressed in women with PE and PCOS when compared with controls: transferrin, fibrinogen alpha, beta and gamma chain variants, kininogen-1, annexin 2 and peroxiredoxin 2. In PE, the biomarkers were identified in serum, plasma and placenta and in PCOS, the biomarkers were identified in serum, follicular fluid, and ovarian and omental biopsies. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The techniques employed to detect proteomics have limited ability in identifying proteins that are of low abundance, some of which may have a diagnostic potential. The sample sizes and number of biomarkers identified from these studies do not exclude the risk of false positives, a limitation of all biomarker studies. The biomarkers common to PE and PCOS were identified from proteomic analyses of different tissues. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This data amalgamation of the proteomic studies in PE and in PCOS, for the first time, discovered a panel of five biomarkers for PE which are common to women with PCOS, including transferrin, fibrinogen alpha, beta and gamma chain variants, kininogen-1, annexin 2 and peroxiredoxin 2. If validated, these biomarkers could provide a useful framework for the knowledge infrastructure in this area. To accomplish this goal, a well co-ordinated multidisciplinary collaboration of clinicians, basic scientists and mathematicians is vital. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No financial support was obtained for this project. There are no conflicts of interest. |
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| © 2019, Biomedical Informatics Centre, NIRRH |
National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai-400 012
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