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Gene Symbol |
PKM |
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Aliases |
CTHBP, HEL-S-30, OIP3, PK3, PKM2, TCB, THBP1, p58 |
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Entrez Gene ID |
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Gene Name |
Pyruvate kinase M1/2 |
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Chromosomal Location |
15q23 |
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HGNC ID |
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Summary |
This gene encodes a protein involved in glycolysis. The encoded protein is a pyruvate kinase that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, generating ATP and pyruvate. This protein has been shown to interact with thyroid hormone and may mediate cellular metabolic effects induced by thyroid hormones. This protein has been found to bind Opa protein, a bacterial outer membrane protein involved in gonococcal adherence to and invasion of human cells, suggesting a role of this protein in bacterial pathogenesis. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding a few distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, May 2011]
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RefSeq DNA |
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RefSeq mRNA |
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e!Ensembl
| Gene |
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| Transcript |
ENST00000565184, ENST00000335181, ENST00000567118, ENST00000565154, ENST00000568459, ENST00000561609, ENST00000569857, ENST00000564178, ENST00000562997, ENST00000567087, ENST00000566809, ENST00000569050, ENST00000449901, ENST00000319622, ENST00000389093, ENST00000568883 |
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| Protein |
ENSP00000455736, ENSP00000334983, ENSP00000456004, ENSP00000455901, ENSP00000456970, ENSP00000457253, ENSP00000455584, ENSP00000457198, ENSP00000457830, ENSP00000456984, ENSP00000457420, ENSP00000454668, ENSP00000403365, ENSP00000320171, ENSP00000373745, ENSP00000456100
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Gene Ontology (GO)
| GO ID |
Ontology |
Function |
Evidence |
Reference |
| GO:0006096 |
Biological process |
Glycolytic process |
IBA |
21873635 |
| GO:0012501 |
Biological process |
Programmed cell death |
IDA |
17308100 |
| GO:0032869 |
Biological process |
Cellular response to insulin stimulus |
IBA |
21873635 |
| GO:1903672 |
Biological process |
Positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis |
IMP |
27199445 |
| GO:0005634 |
Cellular component |
Nucleus |
HDA |
21630459 |
| GO:0005634 |
Cellular component |
Nucleus |
IDA |
17308100, 18191611 |
| GO:0005737 |
Cellular component |
Cytoplasm |
IBA |
21873635 |
| GO:0005737 |
Cellular component |
Cytoplasm |
IDA |
18298799 |
| GO:0005739 |
Cellular component |
Mitochondrion |
HDA |
20833797 |
| GO:0005829 |
Cellular component |
Cytosol |
NAS |
2813362 |
| GO:0031982 |
Cellular component |
Vesicle |
HDA |
19190083 |
| GO:0062023 |
Cellular component |
Collagen-containing extracellular matrix |
HDA |
23658023 |
| GO:0070062 |
Cellular component |
Extracellular exosome |
HDA |
11487543, 12519789, 19056867, 19199708, 20458337, 21362503, 23533145 |
| GO:1903561 |
Cellular component |
Extracellular vesicle |
HDA |
24769233 |
| GO:0003723 |
Molecular function |
RNA binding |
HDA |
22658674 |
| GO:0004743 |
Molecular function |
Pyruvate kinase activity |
IBA |
21873635 |
| GO:0004743 |
Molecular function |
Pyruvate kinase activity |
IDA |
20005212 |
| GO:0004743 |
Molecular function |
Pyruvate kinase activity |
TAS |
2040271, 2813362, 2854097 |
| GO:0005515 |
Molecular function |
Protein binding |
IPI |
12620389, 17500595, 17620599, 18191611, 18298799, 18519040, 21044950, 21620138, 21725354, 22056988, 25241761, 27199445 |
| GO:0023026 |
Molecular function |
MHC class II protein complex binding |
HDA |
20458337 |
| GO:0045296 |
Molecular function |
Cadherin binding |
HDA |
25468996 |
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| Protein Information |
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Protein Name |
Pyruvate kinase PKM, OPA-interacting protein 3, PK, muscle type, cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein, epididymis secretory protein Li 30, pyruvate kinase 2/3, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme, pyruvate kinase, muscle, thyroid hormone-binding protein 1, thyroid hormone-binding protein, cytosolic, tumor M2-PK |
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Function |
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Glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating ATP. Stimulates POU5F1-mediated transcriptional activation. Plays a general role in caspase independent cell death of tumor cells. The ratio between the highly active tetrameric form and nearly inactive dimeric form determines whether glucose carbons are channeled to biosynthetic processes or used for glycolytic ATP production. The transition between the 2 forms contributes to the control of glycolysis and is important for tumor cell proliferation and survival (PubMed:17308100, PubMed:18191611, PubMed:21620138). Promotes in a STAT1-dependent manner, the expression of the immune checkpoint protein CD274 in ARNTL/BMAL1-deficient macrophages (By similarity). |
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UniProt |
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PDB |
1T5A, 1ZJH, 3BJF, 3BJT, 3G2G, 3GQY, 3GR4, 3H6O, 3ME3, 3SRD, 3SRF, 3SRH, 3U2Z, 4B2D, 4FXF, 4FXJ, 4G1N, 4JPG, 4QG6, 4QG8, 4QG9, 4QGC, 4RPP, 4WJ8, 4YJ5, 5X0I, 5X1V, 5X1W, 6B6U, 6GG4, 6GG5, 6GG6 |
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Interactions |
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| STRING |
MINT |
IntAct |
| ENSP00000337513 |
Q9HD15 |
Q9HD15 |
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View interactions
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Associated Diseases
| Disease group | Disease Name | References |
| Endocrine System Diseases |
| PCOS |
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| Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| Osteoporosis |
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| Neoplasms |
| Liver Cancer |
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| Carcinoma |
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| Anaplastic Carcinoma |
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| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| Gluocose Intolerance |
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References |
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| Galazis Nicolas, Docheva Nikolina, Nicolaides Kypros H, Atiomo William |
| Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. ngalazis@gmail.com |
| PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53801. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053801. Epub 2013 Jan 29. |
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Preterm Birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are at high risk of PTB. There is a need for research studies to investigate the mechanisms linking PCOS and PTB, to facilitate screening, and develop novel preventative strategies. OBJECTIVE: To list all the proteomic biomarkers of PTB and integrate this list with the PCOS biomarker database to identify commonly expressed biomarkers of the two conditions. SEARCH STRATEGY: A systematic review of PTB biomarkers and update of PCOS biomarker database. All eligible published studies on proteomic biomarkers for PTB and PCOS identified through various databases were evaluated. SELECTION CRITERIA: For the identification of the relevant studies, the following search terms were used: "proteomics", "proteomic", "preterm birth", "preterm labour", "proteomic biomarker" and "polycystic ovary syndrome". This search was restricted to humans only DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: A database on proteomic biomarkers for PTB was created while an already existing PCOS biomarker database was updated. The two databases were integrated and biomarkers that were co-expressed in both women with PCOS and PTB were identified and investigated. RESULTS: A panel of six proteomic biomarkers was similarly differentially expressed in women with PTB and women with PCOS compared to their respective controls (normal age-matched women in the case of PCOS studies and women with term pregnancy in the case of PTB studies). These biomarkers include Pyruvate kinase M1/M2, Vimentin, Fructose bisphosphonate aldolase A, Heat shock protein beta-1, Peroxiredoxin-1 and Transferrin. CONCLUSIONS: These proteomic biomarkers (Pyruvate kinase M1/M2, Vimentin, Fructose bisphosphonate aldolase A, Heat shock protein beta-1, Peroxiredoxin-1 and Transferrin) can be potentially used to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms linking PCOS and PTB. This would help to identify subgroups of women with PCOS at risk of PTB and hence the potential of developing preventative strategies. |
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