PRL: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Database

Interactions

STRING	MINT	IntAct
ENSP00000360266	P05412	P05412

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Associated Diseases

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Disease group	Disease Name	References
Blood Disorders
Blood Disorders	Anemia	10340396
Cardiovascular Diseases
	Heart Failure	18926768
	Myocardial Failure	18926768
Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities
	Catalepsy	7197982
Endocrine System Diseases
	Hyperprolactinemia	2948424, 17303669, 2880862, 4001434
	Hypopituitarism	1304515
	Hypogonadism	15829128
	PCOS	1916652
Immune System Diseases
	Lupus Erythematosus	14870917
	Libman-Sacks Disease	14870917
Neoplasms
	Pituitary Neoplasms	3498743, 6156259, 2274009, 2042694
	Adenocarcinoma	6280079
	Adenoma	2274009, 12058109
	Prolactinoma	1407345, 9617019, 718334, 3776530
	Carcinoma	6280079
	Cribriform Carcinoma	6280079
	Leydig Cell Tumor	4092719
Nervous System Diseases
	Basal Ganglia Diseases	7214106
	Parkinson Disease	240179
	Lenticulostriate Disorders	7214106
	Extrapyramidal Disorders	7214106
	Ramsay Hunt Paralysis Syndrome	240179
Psychiatric/Brain disorders
	Sexual Arousal Disorder	15829128, 9334596
	Anxiety Disorders	2554359
	Autistic Disorder	18207134
	Psychosexual Disorders	15829128, 9334596
	Schizophrenia	22094377
	Mood Disorders	20547007
Reproductive disorders
	Subfertility, Female	19531635
	Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular	18926768
	Endometriosis	11925390
	Fetal Resorption	3816235
	Endometrioma	11925390
	Galactorrhea	20083845
	Puerperal Disorders	18926768
	Prostatic Adenoma	2208075
	Prostatic Hypertrophy	2208075
	Prostatic Hyperplasia	2208075
	Preeclampsia	26717016
Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases
Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases	Gynecomastia	7878608, 9334596

References

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PubMed ID	Associated gene/s	Associated condition	Genetic Mutation	Diagnostic Criteria	Association with PCOS	Ethnicity	Conclusion
18173145	INS	TCM syndrome			Related	120 patients with PCOS were determined respectively, among them, 30 patients were classified by TCM syndrome	Elevated level of T, LH and LH/FSH ratio, PRL and INS are correlated with the TCM syndrome type of SYiD, SYaD, GSH and PYD in patients with PCOS respectively, and being the clinical characteristics of the corresponding syndromes.
20137674		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	224 women with PCOS and 30 women with hyperPRL + PCOS were compared	Patients with hyperPRL + PCOS develop the endocrine disturbances at a younger age, a greater incidence rate of acne, level of prolactin and androstenedione, they have reduced ApoB and increased HOMA-IR. Patients' sisters with hyperPRL + PCOS have significantly greater incidence of acne, higher rates of infertility and PCOS as when compared with PCOS patients.
19905999					Related	hyperprolactinaemic patients and control group (healthy subjects)	Diagnosis of hyperprolactinaemia should be associated with estimation of PRL biological activity because it is important for type of hyperprolactinaemia management. Low biological activity of PRL does not impair FSH and LH secretion and does not cause hypoestrogenism
19610519					Related	50patients were studied in the year 2005-06 in the outpatient department of Khyber	Hormonal essays are mandatory in the evaluation of women presenting with Oligomenorhea/amenorrhea and chronic anovulatory infertility for finding out the cause and explaining the prognosis of the disease to the patient.
18271688	Androgens and Cortisol			Rotterdam criteria	Related	PCOS (n=8) and controls (n=7)	Prolactin, androgens and cortisol might participate in alteration of insulin secretion in PCOS-affected women
20504100		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	474 Taiwan Chinese women: 101 had mild hyperprolactinaemia, 266 had PCOS and 107 were the control group	Although PCOS-related syndrome was very prevalent in women with hyperprolactinaemia, the patterns of disturbance in gonadotropin secretion were different between the PCOS and the hyperprolactinaemia patients.
16083511		Hyperprolactinemia		Rotterdam criteria	Related	36 women with PCOS and 35 control	Hyperprolactinemia after ovarian cauterization may be considered as a possible cause of anovulation in women with polycystic ovaries and improved gonadotropin and androgen levels. The cause of hyperprolactinemia is unknown. Hormonal assay particularly PRL in anovulatory patients after ovarian cauterization is recommended.
15690710		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	18-years-old female with an extremely high serum prolactinconcentration of 2364 microU/ml	Functional hyperprolactinemia in PCOS may be remarkably high, reaching concentrations similar to those in pituitary prolactinomas.
15589886		macroprolactinemia			Related	4 patients were diagnosed with PCOS	Therefore, macroprolactinemia must be ruled out in women presenting with hyperandrogenic symptoms and increased serum PRL concentrations to avoid misdiagnosis (hyperprolactinemia is an exclusion criterion for the diagnosis of PCOS), unnecessary diagnostic tests, and inappropriate use of dopaminergic agonists.
14594118		Hyperprolactinemic			Related	98 non-obese subjects with PCOS and 100 non-obese healthy control	In conclusion, PCOS is associated with insulin resistance; non-obese hyperprolactinemic PCOS patients may be more insulin-resistant than normoprolactinemics and there may be an association between hyperprolactinemia and insulin resistance in PCOS.
9542361	LH and FSH				Related	Group I (N = 8) normal women,group II (N = 10)women with secondary amenorrhea and positive progesterone ,group III (N = 8)women with secondary amenorrhea and negative progesterone,group IV (N = 9)women with (PCOS)	The concomitant pulsatile releases of gonadotropin and PRL are essential to reproductive function and their regulatory controls in the follicular phase may be mediated through a common neuroendocrine mechanism in normal and hypogonadal women.
9639745	GH				Related	Group I (n = 15,LH/FSH > or = 3),Group II(n = 15,LH/FSH < 3) control (n = 20)	GH and PRL suggest a relative decrease of the dopaminergic activity in PCOS patients
9286726		Hyperandrogenemia			Related	30 patients with PCOS and 20 controls	The results show that obesity is an important inhibiting factor of serum prolactin level suppression which occurs with a mild suppressive test, as the OGTT; however, hyperandrogenemia may also play an inhibiting role in serum prolactin level suppression.
9127132		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	79 hyperprolactinemic patients	The study documented a frequent association between hyperprolactinemia and polycystic ovarian changes and suggested that hyperprolactinemia in PCO is most likely related to a pathologic-endocrinologic milieu.
7589658					Related	PCOS untreated (n = 23), (GnRH-a) administration (n = 10) and normal cycling young women (n = 23) as controls	In women with PCOS the abnormal regulation of PRL and presumably of hypothalamic neurotransmitters controlling PRL secretion is not a primary alteration but it is likely dependent on abnormal ovarian functionality.
1939525	LH	Hyperprolactinemia			Related	8 amenorrheic hyperprolactinemic women	The data suggests that elevated serum PRL reduces the frequency of LH (GnRH) secretion by increasing hypothalamic opioid activity and suggest that the anovulation in hyperprolactinemia is consequent upon persistent slow frequency LH (GnRH) secretion.
1916652	TSH				Related	8 euthyroid women affected by PCOS and 7 normal women	The higher basal plasma levels of TSH, the blunted response of PRL and the lack of response of TSH to sulpiride in PCOS suggest a relative decrease of the dopaminergic activity in PCOS patients.
2125674		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	70 amenoroic,30 oligomenoroic and 24 polymenoroic patients with hyperprolactinemia	The probability of ovulation decreases significantly when prolactin values are higher than 2000 mIU/l.
3148269	TRH				Related	9 hypoprolactinemicand 6 normoprolactinemic PCO patients and 6 normal subjects	According to literary data, these results indicate that increased prolactin response to TRH in PCO is independent of the basal prolactin values and suggest disturbed tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic function.
3145187		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	72 patients with oligo- or anovulation were studied	The results indicate that the true prevalence rate of hyperprolactinemia in PCO may be low rather than high and the association of hyperprolactinemia with PCO may be coincidental rather than a pathogenically related phenomenon.
3119696		Hyperprolactinemic			Related	PCO patients (compared to the normoprolactinemic subgroup - p less than 0.01 and control group - p less than 0.05)	These results suggest that a reduction of an inhibitory influence of hypothalamic dopamine might be a cause of inappropriately elevated LH and PRL levels found in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia.
3111126		Hyperprolactinemic			Related	12 hyperprolactinemic patients with PCO to 12 patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea	The persistent anovulation and the abnormal hormonal milieu in PCO syndrome cause the increased secretion of the pituitary lactotrophs supported by the TRH test, whereas the central dopamine decrease is the most likely explanation in the non-tumourous GA cases.
3090541	TRH	Hyperprolactinemia			Related	25 patients were used for test	Positive correlation between the levels of prolactin and TTH in patients with hyperprolactinemia and between a maximum increment in percentage to the initial level of TTH and prolactin in patients with a hyperergic reaction of prolactin to TRH was revealed.
4040936	LH				Related	5 nonobese (group A) and 7 obese (group B)	In the total group of PCO patients a positive correlation was found between the serum concentrations of prolactin and free estradiol (r = 0.85), and prolactin and estrone (r = 0.78) indicating that estrogens participate in the regulation of prolactin secretion in polycystic ovarian disease.
3921411	GnRH				Related		7 of 15 patients had a significant increase in PRL after GnRH
6439439	LH, FSH and TSH				Related		The differences in PRL and TRH response may reflect anovulation rather than a fundamental abnormality in PCOS
6425087		Hyperprolactinemia			Related	150 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO)	The hyperprolactinemia observed in a significant number of PCO patients may reflect a greater deficiency of hypothalamic dopamine, as manifested by the basal elevations of both prolactin and thyrotropin levels.
6538517		Euprolactinemic			Related	Six euprolactinemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients	The study concludes that euprolactinemic PCOS patients who are nocturnal hyposecretors of PRL and who hyporespond to a perphenazine stimulation test are not likely to ovulate on bromocriptine in the dosages used in this study.
6233421	TRH	Hyperprolactinemia			Related	34 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome	Hyperprolactinemia was detected in five patients, and the prolactin response to TRH was exaggerated or prolonged in five normoprolactinemic patients with PCO.
6229966		Hyperprolactinaemia			Related	40 women affected by typical PCO	In conclusion, hyperprolactinaemia is as relatively frequent condition which affects almost half the patients suffering from PCO and is probably related to an increase of serum oestrogens, mostly oestrone. Moreover, in patients with PCO and hyperprolactinaemia, the production of some other steroids is also affected.
6813147		hyperprolactinemia			Related	13 women with hyperprolactinemia and clinical stigmata of the PCO	The HPCO syndrome does not appear to be a distinct entity but clinically must be differentiated from other causes of mild hyperprolactinemia.
6768043	TRH	Hyperprolactinemic			Related	10 normoprolactinemic and 10 hyperprolactinemic patients all with PCO	Implication of estrogen and the dopaminergic system in the mechanisms leading to hyperprolactinemia and enhanced PRL release in PCO
45100					Related	8 patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome	Abnormal prolactin secretion status may exist in the polycystic ovarian syndrome
3311782	Testosterone	Hyperprolactinaemic			Related	25 PCOS patients (13 were obese and 12 non-obese) and in12 non-obese normal cycling women	These results clearly indicate that in PCOS there is a significant degree of hyperinsulinaemia which is mainly related to obesity.